WoRMS taxon details
Echiura
- Order Echiuroidea
- Order Echiura incertae sedis (temporary name)
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
recent + fossil
Sedgwick, A.1898. A student's textbook of zoology: London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd..
page(s): 451, 527; note: Echiuroidea as a class of Annelida [details]
page(s): 451, 527; note: Echiuroidea as a class of Annelida [details]
WoRMS (2024). Echiura. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1269 on 2024-11-21
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2004-12-21 15:54:05Z
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original description
Sedgwick, A.1898. A student's textbook of zoology: London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd..
page(s): 451, 527; note: Echiuroidea as a class of Annelida [details]
taxonomy source Stephen, A. C., Edmonds, S. J. (1972). The Phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. [details]
taxonomy source Fisher, W. K. (1946). Echiuroid worms of the North Pacific Ocean. <em>Proceedings of the United States National Museum.</em> 96: 215–292, plates 20–37., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7311441 [details]
taxonomy source Bock, S. (1942). On the structure and affinities of "Thalassema" lankesteri Herdman and the classification of the group Echiuroidea. <em>Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, Sjätte följden. Ser. B.</em> 2(6): 1–94. [details]
taxonomy source Stephen, A. C. (1965). A revision of the classification of the phylum Sipuncula. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History.</em> (Series 13) 7 (80): 457–462., available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222936408651485
note: first use of 'Echiura' spelling as the phylum name, rather than Echiuroidea' [details] Available for editors
[request]
taxonomy source Goto, R., Monnington, J., Sciberras, M., Hirabayashi, I., Rouse, G. W. (2020). Phylogeny of Echiura updated, with a revised taxonomy to reflect their placement in Annelida as sister group to Capitellidae. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 34(1): 101–111., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/is19020
note: Demoting of Echiura phylum to Thalassematidae family in Annelida [details] Available for editors [request]
context source (Polychaeta) Stephen, A. C. (1965). A revision of the classification of the phylum Sipuncula. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History.</em> (Series 13) 7 (80): 457–462., available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222936408651485 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Goto, Ryutaro. (2017). The Echiura of Japan: diversity, classification, phylogeny, and their associated fauna. <em>In Motokawa, M., Kajihara, H. (eds). Species Diversity of Animals in Japan.</em> pp. 513–542. Springer Japan, Tokyo., available online at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_20 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Margulis, L.; Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the Phyla of life on earth. 3rd edition. Freeman: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-7167-3027-8. xx, 520 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
status source McHugh, Damhnait. (1997). Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.</em> 94: 8006–8009., available online at http://www.pnas.org/content/94/15/8006.short [details]
status source Ruggiero, M. A.; Gordon, D. P.; Orrell, T. M.; Bailly, N.; Bourgoin, T.; Brusca, R. C.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Guiry, M. D.; Kirk, P. M. (2015). Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. <em>PLoS ONE.</em> 10(4): e0119248. [details]
status source Goto, R. (2016). A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of spoon worms (Echiura, Annelida): implications for morphological evolution, the origin of dwarf males, and habitat shifts. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</em> 99: 247–260., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790316000713 [details]
identification resource Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. <em>Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.</em> 627 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
page(s): 451, 527; note: Echiuroidea as a class of Annelida [details]
taxonomy source Stephen, A. C., Edmonds, S. J. (1972). The Phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. [details]
taxonomy source Fisher, W. K. (1946). Echiuroid worms of the North Pacific Ocean. <em>Proceedings of the United States National Museum.</em> 96: 215–292, plates 20–37., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7311441 [details]
taxonomy source Bock, S. (1942). On the structure and affinities of "Thalassema" lankesteri Herdman and the classification of the group Echiuroidea. <em>Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, Sjätte följden. Ser. B.</em> 2(6): 1–94. [details]
taxonomy source Stephen, A. C. (1965). A revision of the classification of the phylum Sipuncula. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History.</em> (Series 13) 7 (80): 457–462., available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222936408651485
note: first use of 'Echiura' spelling as the phylum name, rather than Echiuroidea' [details] Available for editors
[request]taxonomy source Goto, R., Monnington, J., Sciberras, M., Hirabayashi, I., Rouse, G. W. (2020). Phylogeny of Echiura updated, with a revised taxonomy to reflect their placement in Annelida as sister group to Capitellidae. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 34(1): 101–111., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/is19020
note: Demoting of Echiura phylum to Thalassematidae family in Annelida [details] Available for editors
[request]context source (Polychaeta) Stephen, A. C. (1965). A revision of the classification of the phylum Sipuncula. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History.</em> (Series 13) 7 (80): 457–462., available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222936408651485 [details] Available for editors
[request]additional source Goto, Ryutaro. (2017). The Echiura of Japan: diversity, classification, phylogeny, and their associated fauna. <em>In Motokawa, M., Kajihara, H. (eds). Species Diversity of Animals in Japan.</em> pp. 513–542. Springer Japan, Tokyo., available online at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_20 [details] Available for editors
[request]additional source Margulis, L.; Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the Phyla of life on earth. 3rd edition. Freeman: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-7167-3027-8. xx, 520 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
status source McHugh, Damhnait. (1997). Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.</em> 94: 8006–8009., available online at http://www.pnas.org/content/94/15/8006.short [details]
status source Ruggiero, M. A.; Gordon, D. P.; Orrell, T. M.; Bailly, N.; Bourgoin, T.; Brusca, R. C.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Guiry, M. D.; Kirk, P. M. (2015). Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. <em>PLoS ONE.</em> 10(4): e0119248. [details]
status source Goto, R. (2016). A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of spoon worms (Echiura, Annelida): implications for morphological evolution, the origin of dwarf males, and habitat shifts. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</em> 99: 247–260., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790316000713 [details]
identification resource Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. <em>Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.</em> 627 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
[request]
Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From editor or global species database
Authority Stephen and Edmonds (1972: 351) cite Sedgwick (1898: 527) as the first user of 'Echiuroidea' at a high rank (class) above family-group ranks. Sedgwick used it as one of the four classes of the Annelida phylum. Note that ranks above family-group ranks do not have Code rules, but questions of authorship (first users) of upper ranks can still be ascertained..Stephen & Edmonds (1972) cite Stephen (1965: 457 footnote) as the first use of Echiura as the phylum name rather than Echiuroidea. The footnote of Stephen in full is:"Sedgwick (1898: 534) first separated this group of animals under the name Sipunculoidea when he split the old heterogenous phylum Gephyrea. As it is now recommended that the termination ‘-oidea’ should be used only in connection with the names of superfamilies (Int. Code Zool. Nomencl., Recommendation 29A. 1961), an alternative suffix is necessary. I propose therefore, to follow the ‘ Pearse ‘ system (Chitwood 1958: 88l8) by which the name of this phylum becomes Sipuncula. (Similarly the name of the phylum usually known as Echiuroidea will become Echiura) " [details]
