WoRMS source details
Cárdenas, P.; Xavier, J.R.; Reveillaud, J.; Schander, C.; Rapp, H.T. (2011). Molecular Phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiaep) Reveals an Unexpected High Level of Spicule Homoplasy. PLoS ONE. 6 (4), e18318.
150540
10.1371/journal.pone.0018318 [view]
Cárdenas, P.; Xavier, J.R.; Reveillaud, J.; Schander, C.; Rapp, H.T.
2011
Molecular Phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiaep) Reveals an Unexpected High Level of Spicule Homoplasy
PLoS ONE
6 (4), e18318
Publication
Background: The Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiaep) is geographically and bathymetrically widely distributed. Systema Porifera currently includes five families in this order: Ancorinidae, Calthropellidae, Geodiidae, Pachastrellidae and Thrombidae. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies including Astrophorida species are scarce and offer limited sampling. Phylogenetic relationships within this order are therefore for the most part unknown and hypotheses based on morphology largely untested. Astrophorida taxa have very diverse spicule sets that make them a model of choice to investigate spicule evolution.
Methodology/Principal Findings: With a sampling of 153 specimens (9 families, 29 genera, 89 species) covering the deep and shallow-waters worldwide, this work presents the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial sequence and the 59 end terminal part of the 28S rDNA gene (C1-D2 domains). The resulting tree suggested that i) the Astrophorida included some lithistid families and some Alectonidae
species, ii) the sub-orders Euastrophorida and Streptosclerophorida were both polyphyletic, iii) the Geodiidae, the Ancorinidae and the Pachastrellidae were not monophyletic, iv) the Calthropellidae was part of the Geodiidae clade (Calthropella at least), and finally that v) many genera were polyphyletic (Ecionemia, Erylus, Poecillastra, Penares, Rhabdastrella, Stelletta and Vulcanella).
Conclusion: The Astrophorida is a larger order than previously considered, comprising ca. 820 species. Based on these results, we propose new classifications for the Astrophorida using both the classical rank-based nomenclature (i.e., Linnaean classification) and the phylogenetic nomenclature following the PhyloCode, independent of taxonomic rank. A key to the Astrophorida families, sub-families and genera incertae sedis is also included. Incongruences between our molecular tree and the current classification can be explained by the banality of convergent evolution and secondary loss in spicule
evolution. These processes have taken place many times, in all the major clades, for megascleres and microscleres.
Phylogeny, Phylogenesis
Alectona Carter, 1879 (additional source)
Ancorina Schmidt, 1862 (additional source)
Annulastrella Maldonado, 2002 (basis of record)
Asteropus radiocrusta Kennedy, 2000 accepted as Stryphnus radiocrusta (Kennedy, 2000) (source of synonymy)
Calthropella durissima Topsent, 1892 represented as Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Calthropella geodioides (Carter, 1876) represented as Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides (Carter, 1876) (additional source)
Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907 accepted as Calthropellinae von Lendenfeld, 1907 (source of synonymy)
Caminella Lendenfeld, 1894 (basis of record)
Cryptosyringa Vacelet, 1979 (additional source)
Dercitus Gray, 1867 (taxonomy source)
Dercitus (Dercitus) Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Disyringa Sollas, 1888 (taxonomy source)
Ecionemia megastylifera Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984 accepted as Stellettinopsis megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984) (basis of record)
Ecionemia robusta (Carter, 1883) accepted as Ancorina robusta (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Erylus deficiens Topsent, 1927 (additional source)
Erylus granularis Topsent, 1904 (additional source)
Erylus topsenti Lendenfeld, 1903 (additional source)
Exsuperantia archipelagus Carvalho & Pisera, 2019 (additional source)
Geodia canaliculata Schmidt, 1868 (basis of record)
Geodia contorta (Bowerbank, 1873) (new combination reference)
Geodia cordata (Wiedenmayer, 1989) (source of synonymy)
Geodia fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) accepted as Stelletta fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) (source of synonymy)
Geodia globostellata (Carter, 1883) accepted as Rhabdastrella globostellata (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Geodia imperfecta Bowerbank, 1874 (additional source)
Geodia intermedia (Wiedenmayer, 1989) accepted as Rhabdastrella intermedia Wiedenmayer, 1989 (source of synonymy)
Geodia intuta (Topsent, 1892) accepted as Caminella intuta (Topsent, 1892) (source of synonymy)
Geodia jousseaumei (Topsent, 1906) (new combination reference)
Geodia megastrella Carter, 1876 (additional source)
Geodia megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984) accepted as Stellettinopsis megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984) (source of synonymy)
Geodia phlegraei (Sollas, 1880) (source of synonymy)
Geodia robusta (Carter, 1883) accepted as Ancorina robusta (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Geodia tuberculata (Carter, 1886) accepted as Stelletta tuberculata (Carter, 1886) (source of synonymy)
Geodia tuberosa (Topsent, 1892) accepted as Stelletta tuberosa (Topsent, 1892) (source of synonymy)
Geodia tumulosa Bowerbank, 1872 (status source)
Geodiinae Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Geostelletta Cardenas, Xavier, Reveillaud, Schrander & Rapp, 2011 accepted as Geodia Lamarck, 1815 (original description)
Isops apiarium (Schmidt, 1870) accepted as Geodia apiarium (Schmidt, 1870) (new combination reference)
Isops carcinophila Lendenfeld, 1897 accepted as Geodia carcinophila (Lendenfeld, 1897) (new combination reference)
Melophlus Thiele, 1899 (taxonomy source)
Neamphius de Laubenfels, 1953 (status source)
Nethea Sollas, 1888 (additional source)
Nethea amygdaloides (Carter, 1876) (taxonomy source)
Pachastrellidae Carter, 1875 (basis of record)
Penares Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Penares candidata (Schmidt, 1868) accepted as Penares candidatus (Schmidt, 1868) (additional source)
Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868) (additional source)
Poecillastra Sollas, 1888 (additional source)
Poecillastra amygdaloides (Carter, 1876) accepted as Nethea amygdaloides (Carter, 1876) (source of synonymy)
Rhabdastrella cordata Wiedenmayer, 1989 accepted as Geodia cordata (Wiedenmayer, 1989) (source of synonymy)
Rhabdastrella globostellata (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Rhabdastrella intermedia Wiedenmayer, 1989 (source of synonymy)
Sanidasterinae Sollas, 1888 accepted as Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870 (basis of record)
Sidonops Sollas, 1889 accepted as Geodia Lamarck, 1815 (source of synonymy)
Sphinctrella Schmidt, 1870 accepted as Vulcanella Sollas, 1886 (source of synonymy)
Sphinctrella aberrans Maldonado & Uriz, 1996 accepted as Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) (additional source)
Sphinctrella ornatus Sollas, 1888 accepted as Annulastrella ornata (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Stelletta fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) (source of synonymy)
Stelletta tuberculata (Carter, 1886) (source of synonymy)
Stelletta tuberosa (Topsent, 1892) (source of synonymy)
Stellettinae Carter, 1875 accepted as Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870 (basis of record)
Tethyopsis Stewart, 1870 (additional source)
Thenea levis Lendenfeld, 1907 (additional source)
Theneidae Gray, 1872 (status source)
Thoosidae Cockerell, 1925 (additional source)
Vulcanella Sollas, 1886 (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Annulastrella) ornata (Sollas, 1888) accepted as Annulastrella ornata (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Vulcanella) Sollas, 1886 accepted as Vulcanella Sollas, 1886 (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Vulcanella) aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) accepted as Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Vulcanella) gracilis (Sollas, 1888) accepted as Vulcanella gracilis (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) (basis of record)
Vulcanella acanthoxea (Tanita & Hoshino, 1989) (basis of record)
Vulcanella gracilis (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanellidae Cárdenas, Xavier, Reveillaud, Schander & Rapp, 2011 (original description)
Ancorina Schmidt, 1862 (additional source)
Annulastrella Maldonado, 2002 (basis of record)
Asteropus radiocrusta Kennedy, 2000 accepted as Stryphnus radiocrusta (Kennedy, 2000) (source of synonymy)
Calthropella durissima Topsent, 1892 represented as Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Calthropella geodioides (Carter, 1876) represented as Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides (Carter, 1876) (additional source)
Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907 accepted as Calthropellinae von Lendenfeld, 1907 (source of synonymy)
Caminella Lendenfeld, 1894 (basis of record)
Cryptosyringa Vacelet, 1979 (additional source)
Dercitus Gray, 1867 (taxonomy source)
Dercitus (Dercitus) Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Disyringa Sollas, 1888 (taxonomy source)
Ecionemia megastylifera Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984 accepted as Stellettinopsis megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984) (basis of record)
Ecionemia robusta (Carter, 1883) accepted as Ancorina robusta (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Erylus deficiens Topsent, 1927 (additional source)
Erylus granularis Topsent, 1904 (additional source)
Erylus topsenti Lendenfeld, 1903 (additional source)
Exsuperantia archipelagus Carvalho & Pisera, 2019 (additional source)
Geodia canaliculata Schmidt, 1868 (basis of record)
Geodia contorta (Bowerbank, 1873) (new combination reference)
Geodia cordata (Wiedenmayer, 1989) (source of synonymy)
Geodia fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) accepted as Stelletta fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) (source of synonymy)
Geodia globostellata (Carter, 1883) accepted as Rhabdastrella globostellata (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Geodia imperfecta Bowerbank, 1874 (additional source)
Geodia intermedia (Wiedenmayer, 1989) accepted as Rhabdastrella intermedia Wiedenmayer, 1989 (source of synonymy)
Geodia intuta (Topsent, 1892) accepted as Caminella intuta (Topsent, 1892) (source of synonymy)
Geodia jousseaumei (Topsent, 1906) (new combination reference)
Geodia megastrella Carter, 1876 (additional source)
Geodia megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984) accepted as Stellettinopsis megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984) (source of synonymy)
Geodia phlegraei (Sollas, 1880) (source of synonymy)
Geodia robusta (Carter, 1883) accepted as Ancorina robusta (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Geodia tuberculata (Carter, 1886) accepted as Stelletta tuberculata (Carter, 1886) (source of synonymy)
Geodia tuberosa (Topsent, 1892) accepted as Stelletta tuberosa (Topsent, 1892) (source of synonymy)
Geodia tumulosa Bowerbank, 1872 (status source)
Geodiinae Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Geostelletta Cardenas, Xavier, Reveillaud, Schrander & Rapp, 2011 accepted as Geodia Lamarck, 1815 (original description)
Isops apiarium (Schmidt, 1870) accepted as Geodia apiarium (Schmidt, 1870) (new combination reference)
Isops carcinophila Lendenfeld, 1897 accepted as Geodia carcinophila (Lendenfeld, 1897) (new combination reference)
Melophlus Thiele, 1899 (taxonomy source)
Neamphius de Laubenfels, 1953 (status source)
Nethea Sollas, 1888 (additional source)
Nethea amygdaloides (Carter, 1876) (taxonomy source)
Pachastrellidae Carter, 1875 (basis of record)
Penares Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Penares candidata (Schmidt, 1868) accepted as Penares candidatus (Schmidt, 1868) (additional source)
Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868) (additional source)
Poecillastra Sollas, 1888 (additional source)
Poecillastra amygdaloides (Carter, 1876) accepted as Nethea amygdaloides (Carter, 1876) (source of synonymy)
Rhabdastrella cordata Wiedenmayer, 1989 accepted as Geodia cordata (Wiedenmayer, 1989) (source of synonymy)
Rhabdastrella globostellata (Carter, 1883) (source of synonymy)
Rhabdastrella intermedia Wiedenmayer, 1989 (source of synonymy)
Sanidasterinae Sollas, 1888 accepted as Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870 (basis of record)
Sidonops Sollas, 1889 accepted as Geodia Lamarck, 1815 (source of synonymy)
Sphinctrella Schmidt, 1870 accepted as Vulcanella Sollas, 1886 (source of synonymy)
Sphinctrella aberrans Maldonado & Uriz, 1996 accepted as Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) (additional source)
Sphinctrella ornatus Sollas, 1888 accepted as Annulastrella ornata (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Stelletta fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) (source of synonymy)
Stelletta tuberculata (Carter, 1886) (source of synonymy)
Stelletta tuberosa (Topsent, 1892) (source of synonymy)
Stellettinae Carter, 1875 accepted as Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870 (basis of record)
Tethyopsis Stewart, 1870 (additional source)
Thenea levis Lendenfeld, 1907 (additional source)
Theneidae Gray, 1872 (status source)
Thoosidae Cockerell, 1925 (additional source)
Vulcanella Sollas, 1886 (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Annulastrella) ornata (Sollas, 1888) accepted as Annulastrella ornata (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Vulcanella) Sollas, 1886 accepted as Vulcanella Sollas, 1886 (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Vulcanella) aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) accepted as Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella (Vulcanella) gracilis (Sollas, 1888) accepted as Vulcanella gracilis (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado & Uriz, 1996) (basis of record)
Vulcanella acanthoxea (Tanita & Hoshino, 1989) (basis of record)
Vulcanella gracilis (Sollas, 1888) (source of synonymy)
Vulcanellidae Cárdenas, Xavier, Reveillaud, Schander & Rapp, 2011 (original description)
South European Atlantic Shelf for Caminella intuta (Topsent, 1892)
South European Atlantic Shelf for Penares candidata (Schmidt, 1868)
South European Atlantic Shelf for Penares candidata (Schmidt, 1868)
Nontype ZMA 21656, geounit Hyères Seamount, identified as Erylus granularis Topsent, 1904
Nontype ZMA POR 21688, geounit North Atlantic Lower Bathyal Province, identified as Exsuperantia archipelagus Carvalho & Pisera, 2019
Nontype SAMA S1026, geounit South Australian Gulfs, identified as Geodia cordata (Wiedenmayer, 1989)
Nontype ZMA POR 21688, geounit North Atlantic Lower Bathyal Province, identified as Exsuperantia archipelagus Carvalho & Pisera, 2019
Nontype SAMA S1026, geounit South Australian Gulfs, identified as Geodia cordata (Wiedenmayer, 1989)
Taxonomy
Acanthotriaena is clearly an Astrophorid species. For the time being, we allocated it to Pachastrellidae even if ... [details]
Taxonomy
Ancorella is clearly an Astrophorid species. For the time being, we allocated it to Pachastrellidae even if its ... [details]
Taxonomy
Melophlus sp. had been shown to be grouping with the Geodiidae based on molecular markers (Cárdenas et al., 2011). ... [details]
Taxonomy
Neamphius is an Astrophorida incertae sedis at the moment. For the time being and for conveniance, we allocated it ... [details]
Taxonomy
Penares helleri (type species of Penares) has been shown to be a Geodiidae, according to Cárdenas et al 2010 and ... [details]
