WoRMS taxon details
Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Y.Hara & Chihara, 1987
160585 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:160585)
accepted
Species
Chattonella akashiwo (Y.Hada) Loeblich III, 1979 · unaccepted
Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967 · unaccepted (basionym)
Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992 · unaccepted (synonym)
Heterosigma inlandica Hada, 1968 · unaccepted
Olisthodiscus carterae Hulburt, 1965 · unaccepted (synonym)
marine
(of Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967) Hada Y. 1967. Protozoan plankton of the Inland Sea, Setonaikai I. The Mastigophora. Bull. Suzugamine Women's Coll., Nat. Sci. 14: 1-26. [details]
Type locality contained in Seto Inland Sea
type locality contained in Seto Inland Sea [details]
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:44995
Description Cells include several disc-shaped brown-yellow chloroplasts separated from each other and a nucleus in the central part....
Distribution Heterosigma akashiwo is distributed almost worldwide, from the Arctic to the tropics.The available evidence has shown very...
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:44995 [details]
Description Cells include several disc-shaped brown-yellow chloroplasts separated from each other and a nucleus in the central part....
Description Cells include several disc-shaped brown-yellow chloroplasts separated from each other and a nucleus in the central part. Overall size: 11–25 μm in length, 8–13 μm in width, 8–11 μm in height. Two heterodynamic flagella inserted in an antero-lateral groove located at 1/3 to 1/4 of total length, from the apex. The benthic cyst is naked, spherical, and covered with mucus. Known as “Flagellate X’ in Scotland and Ireland in the 1980’s. Often confused with Olisthodiscus luteus. [details]
Distribution Heterosigma akashiwo is distributed almost worldwide, from the Arctic to the tropics.The available evidence has shown very...
Distribution Heterosigma akashiwo is distributed almost worldwide, from the Arctic to the tropics.The available evidence has shown very little variation in rDNA sequences (>99.8% similarity) [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Y.Hara & Chihara, 1987. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160585 on 2024-11-21
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original description
(of Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967) Hada Y. 1967. Protozoan plankton of the Inland Sea, Setonaikai I. The Mastigophora. Bull. Suzugamine Women's Coll., Nat. Sci. 14: 1-26. [details]
context source (Introduced species) Katsanevakis, S.; Bogucarskis, K.; Gatto, F.; Vandekerkhove, J.; Deriu, I.; Cardoso A.S. (2012). Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. <em>BioInvasions Records.</em> 1: 235-245., available online at http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu [details] Available for editors
[request]
context source (Schelde) Maris, T.; Beauchard, O.; Van Damme, S.; Van den Bergh, E.; Wijnhoven, S.; Meire, P. (2013). Referentiematrices en Ecotoopoppervlaktes Annex bij de Evaluatiemethodiek Schelde-estuarium Studie naar “Ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. <em>Monitor Taskforce Publication Series, 2013-01. NIOZ: Yerseke.</em> 35 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
basis of record Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source Streftaris, N., A. Zenetos & E. Papathanassiou. (2005). Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. <em>Oceanogry and Marine Biology: an Annual Review.</em> 43: 419-453. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Chang F. H., Anderson C. & Boustead N. C. 1990. First record of a <i>Heterosigma</i> (Raphidophyceae) bloom with associated mortality of cage-reared salmon in Big Glory Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 24: 461-469. [details]
additional source Honjo T. 1993. Overview on bloom dynamics and physiological ecology of <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i>. In: <i>Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea</i> (Ed. by T.J. Smayda & Y. Shimizu), pp. 33-41. Elsevier, Amsterdam. [details]
additional source Smayda T.J. 1998. Ecophysiology and bloom dynamics of <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> (Raphidophyceae). In: <i>Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms</i> (Ed. by D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G.M. Hallegraeff), pp. 113-131. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. [details]
additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Harper, M.A.; Cassie Cooper, V.; Chang, F.H.; Nelson, W.A.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Ochrophyta: brown and golden-brown algae, diatoms, silicoflagellates, and kin, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 114-163. [details]
additional source Lutaenko, K.A.; Furota, T.; Nakayama; S.; Shin, K.; Xu, J. (2013). Atlas of Marine Invasive Species in the NOWPAP Region. Beijing: NOWPAP DINRAC (Northwest Pacific Action Plan, Data and Information Network Regional Center). 189 pp. [details]
new combination reference Hara, Y. & Chihara, C. 1987. Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of the raphidophycean alga <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i>. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 100: 151-163. [details]
ecology source Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors [request]
ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source Nygaard, K.; Tobiesen, A. (1993). Bacterivory in algae: A survival strategy during nutrient limitation. <em>Limnology and Oceanography.</em> 38(2): 273-279., available online at https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0273 [details]
context source (Introduced species) Katsanevakis, S.; Bogucarskis, K.; Gatto, F.; Vandekerkhove, J.; Deriu, I.; Cardoso A.S. (2012). Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. <em>BioInvasions Records.</em> 1: 235-245., available online at http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu [details] Available for editors
[request]context source (Schelde) Maris, T.; Beauchard, O.; Van Damme, S.; Van den Bergh, E.; Wijnhoven, S.; Meire, P. (2013). Referentiematrices en Ecotoopoppervlaktes Annex bij de Evaluatiemethodiek Schelde-estuarium Studie naar “Ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. <em>Monitor Taskforce Publication Series, 2013-01. NIOZ: Yerseke.</em> 35 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
basis of record Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source Streftaris, N., A. Zenetos & E. Papathanassiou. (2005). Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. <em>Oceanogry and Marine Biology: an Annual Review.</em> 43: 419-453. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
[request]additional source Chang F. H., Anderson C. & Boustead N. C. 1990. First record of a <i>Heterosigma</i> (Raphidophyceae) bloom with associated mortality of cage-reared salmon in Big Glory Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 24: 461-469. [details]
additional source Honjo T. 1993. Overview on bloom dynamics and physiological ecology of <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i>. In: <i>Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea</i> (Ed. by T.J. Smayda & Y. Shimizu), pp. 33-41. Elsevier, Amsterdam. [details]
additional source Smayda T.J. 1998. Ecophysiology and bloom dynamics of <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> (Raphidophyceae). In: <i>Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms</i> (Ed. by D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G.M. Hallegraeff), pp. 113-131. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. [details]
additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
[request]additional source Harper, M.A.; Cassie Cooper, V.; Chang, F.H.; Nelson, W.A.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Ochrophyta: brown and golden-brown algae, diatoms, silicoflagellates, and kin, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 114-163. [details]
additional source Lutaenko, K.A.; Furota, T.; Nakayama; S.; Shin, K.; Xu, J. (2013). Atlas of Marine Invasive Species in the NOWPAP Region. Beijing: NOWPAP DINRAC (Northwest Pacific Action Plan, Data and Information Network Regional Center). 189 pp. [details]
new combination reference Hara, Y. & Chihara, C. 1987. Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of the raphidophycean alga <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i>. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 100: 151-163. [details]
ecology source Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors
[request]ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source Nygaard, K.; Tobiesen, A. (1993). Bacterivory in algae: A survival strategy during nutrient limitation. <em>Limnology and Oceanography.</em> 38(2): 273-279., available online at https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0273 [details]
Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:44995 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Authority For the correct author citation see Throndsen, J. 1996. Note on the taxonomy of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae). Phycologia 35: 367 [details]Description Cells include several disc-shaped brown-yellow chloroplasts separated from each other and a nucleus in the central part. Overall size: 11–25 μm in length, 8–13 μm in width, 8–11 μm in height. Two heterodynamic flagella inserted in an antero-lateral groove located at 1/3 to 1/4 of total length, from the apex. The benthic cyst is naked, spherical, and covered with mucus. Known as “Flagellate X’ in Scotland and Ireland in the 1980’s. Often confused with Olisthodiscus luteus. [details]
Distribution Heterosigma akashiwo is distributed almost worldwide, from the Arctic to the tropics.The available evidence has shown very little variation in rDNA sequences (>99.8% similarity) [details]
Harmful effect Mortality of fish. There is disagreement regarding the cause(s) of the fish kills. [details]
Identification H. akashiwo was in the period 1971- ca 1985 often misidentified as Olisthodiscus luteus. Heterosigma akashiwo is distinguished from Olisthodiscus by its only slightly flattened cells versus the very flattened cells of Olisthodiscus. Also Heterosigma cells rotate during swimming while Olisthodiscus does not.. Heterosigma differs from Chattonella in having fewer and larger chloroplasts. Cells are typically 10-20 um long.
Cells of H. akashiwo are slightly longer than wide, measuring 11-25 micrometer in length. The newly described species H. minor is almost round and measures 7-12 micrometer in diameter.
In fixed samples, H. akashiwo can be difficult to identify (see image below). It may be confused with other species whose cells contain several yellow or yellow-brown chloroplasts such as Pseudochattonella or naked stages of other silicoflagellates. [details]
Introduced species vector dispersal in Norway (Nation) : Shipping [details]
| Language | Name | |
|---|---|---|
| Japanese | アカシオモ | [details] |
Published in AlgaeBase 
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Olisthodiscus carterae Hulburt, 1965)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Heterosigma inlandica Hada, 1968)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Chattonella inlandica (Y.Hada) Loeblich III & Fine, 1977)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Chattonella akashiwo (Y.Hada) Loeblich III, 1979)
To Barcode of Life (4 barcodes)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Olisthodiscus carterae Hulburt, 1965)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications) (from synonym Heterosigma inlandica Hada, 1968)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (7 publications) (from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (7 publications)
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL)
To Dyntaxa
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Heterosigma akashiwo)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins) (from synonym Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins) (from synonym Heterosigma inlandica Hada, 1968)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins) (from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)
To Information system on Aquatic Non-Indigenous and Cryptogenic Species (AquaNIS) (from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)
To Information system on Aquatic Non-Indigenous and Cryptogenic Species (AquaNIS)
To PESI
Published in AlgaeBase
(from synonym Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967)Published in AlgaeBase
(from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)Published in AlgaeBase
(from synonym Olisthodiscus carterae Hulburt, 1965)Published in AlgaeBase
(from synonym Heterosigma inlandica Hada, 1968)Published in AlgaeBase
(from synonym Chattonella inlandica (Y.Hada) Loeblich III & Fine, 1977)Published in AlgaeBase
(from synonym Chattonella akashiwo (Y.Hada) Loeblich III, 1979)To Barcode of Life (4 barcodes)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Olisthodiscus carterae Hulburt, 1965)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications) (from synonym Heterosigma inlandica Hada, 1968)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (7 publications) (from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (7 publications)
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL)
To Dyntaxa
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Heterosigma akashiwo)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins) (from synonym Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada, 1967)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins) (from synonym Heterosigma inlandica Hada, 1968)
To GenBank (444048 nucleotides; 198165 proteins) (from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)
To Information system on Aquatic Non-Indigenous and Cryptogenic Species (AquaNIS) (from synonym Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor, 1992)
To Information system on Aquatic Non-Indigenous and Cryptogenic Species (AquaNIS)
To PESI
