WoRMS source details

Sendall, Kelly; Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio. 2013. Revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta, Sternaspidae). ZooKeys 286(0): 1-74
167231
Sendall, K. ;.; Salazar-Vallejo, S.
2013
Revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta, Sternaspidae)
ZooKeys
286: 1-74
Publication
World Polychaeta Database (WPolyDb). Open access journal
Sternaspid polychaetes are common and often abundant in soft bottoms in the world oceans. Some authors suggest that only one species should be recognized, whereas others regard a few species as widely distributed in many seas and variable depths from the low intertidal to about 4400 m. There are some problems with species delineation and the distinctive ventro-caudal shield has been disregarded or barely used for identifying species. In order to clarify these issues, the ventral shield is evaluated in specimens from the same locality and its diagnostic potential is confirmed. On this basis, a revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta: Sternaspidae) is presented based upon type materials, or material collected from type localities. The sternaspid body, introvert hooks and shield show three distinct patterns, two genera have seven abdominal segments and tapered introvert hooks, and one genus has eight abdominal segments and spatulate introvert hooks. The ventro-caudal shield has three different patterns: stiff with ribs, and sometimes concentric lines, stiff with feebly-defined ribs but no concentric lines, and soft with firmly adhered sediment particles. Sternaspis is restricted to include species with seven abdominal segments, falcate introvert hooks, and stiff shields, often exhibiting radial ribs, concentric lines or both. Sternaspis includes, besides the type species, S. thalassemoides Otto, 1821 from the Mediterranean Sea, S. affinis Stimpson, 1864 from the Northeastern Pacific, S. africana Augener, 1918, stat. n. from Western Africa, S. andamanensis sp. n. from the Andaman Sea, S. costata von Marenzeller, 1879 from Japan, S. fossor Stimpson, 1853 from the Northwestern Atlantic, S. islandica Malmgren, 1867 from Iceland, S. maior Chamberlin, 1919 from the Gulf of California, S. princeps Selenka, 1885 from New Zealand, S. rietschi Caullery, 1944 from abyssal depths around Indonesia, S. scutata (Ranzani, 1817) from the Mediterranean Sea, S. spinosa Sluiter, 1882 from Indonesia, and S. thorsoni sp. n. from the Iranian Gulf. Two genera are newly proposed to incorporate the remaining species: Caulleryaspis and Petersenaspis. Caulleryaspis gen. n. is defined by the presence of falcate introvert hooks, seven abdominal segments, and soft shields with sediment particles firmly adhered on them; it includes two species: C. gudmundssoni sp. n. from Iceland and C. laevis (Caullery, 1944) comb. n. from Indonesia. Petersenaspis gen. n. is defined by the presence of spatulate introvert hooks, eight abdominal segments, and stiff shields with poorly defined ribs but no concentric line; it includes P. capillata (Nonato, 1966) from Brazil and P. palpallatoci sp. n. from the Philippines. Neotypes are proposed for eight species: S. thalassemoides, S. affinis, S. africana, S. costata, S. fossor, S. maior, S. scutata and S. spinosa, to stabilize these species-group names, and a lectotype is designated for S. laevis which is transferred to Caulleryaspis gen. n. The geographic range of most species appears to be much smaller than previously indicated, and for some species additional material in good condition is needed to clarify their distributions. Keys to genera and to all species are also included.
RIS (EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks)
BibTex (BibDesk, LaTeX)
Date
action
by
2013-04-09 02:24:26Z
created
Read, Geoffrey

Caulleryaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 (original description)
Caulleryaspis gudmundssoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 (original description)
Petersenaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 (original description)
Petersenaspis capillata (Nonato, 1966) (new combination reference)
Petersenaspis palpallatoci Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 (original description)
Sternaspidae Carus, 1863 (identification resource)
Sternaspis Otto, 1820 (taxonomy source)
Sternaspis affinis Stimpson, 1864 (redescription)
Sternaspis africana Augener, 1918 (redescription)
Sternaspis andamanensis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 (original description)
Sternaspis assimilis Malmgren, 1867 accepted as Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1820 (source of synonymy)
Sternaspis costata Marenzeller, 1879 (status source)
Sternaspis fossor Stimpson, 1853 (redescription)
Sternaspis fossor africana Augener, 1918 accepted as Sternaspis africana Augener, 1918 (taxonomy source)
Sternaspis islandica Malmgren, 1867 (redescription)
Sternaspis laevis Caullery, 1944 accepted as Caulleryaspis laevis (Caullery, 1944) (new combination reference)
Sternaspis maior Chamberlin, 1919 (redescription)
Sternaspis princeps Selenka, 1885 (redescription)
Sternaspis rietschi Caullery, 1944 (redescription)
Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817) (redescription)
Sternaspis spinosa Sluiter, 1882 (redescription)
Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1820 (status source)
Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 (original description)
Thalassema scutatus Ranzani, 1817 accepted as Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817) (status source)
Angolan part of the South Atlantic Ocean for Sternaspis africana Augener, 1918 
East Cape (North Island) for Sternaspis princeps Selenka, 1885 
Gulf of Naples (Italy) for Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1820 
Gulf of Oman for Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 
Indonesia for Sternaspis rietschi Caullery, 1944 
Kalibo Town for Petersenaspis palpallatoci Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 
Thailand part of the Andaman or Burma Sea for Sternaspis andamanensis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 
Vestmannaeyjar for Caulleryaspis gudmundssoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 
Neotype CMNH ZW-120, geounit Honshu Island, identified as Sternaspis costata Marenzeller, 1879
Holotype IMNH 10280, geounit Icelandic Exclusive Economic Zone, identified as Caulleryaspis gudmundssoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013
Holotype MNHN 1551, verbatimGeounit E off Kalibo, Philip..., identified as Petersenaspis palpallatoci Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013
Syntype BMNH NHM 1885.12.3.1, verbatimGeounit Offshore from Gisbor..., identified as Sternaspis princeps Selenka, 1885
Neotype BM NHM 1889.6.15.52-36, verbatimGeounit Jakarta (Batavia) ro..., identified as Sternaspis spinosa Sluiter, 1882
Neotype BM NHM 1930.10.8.2582, verbatimGeounit St. Paul Loanda, Ang..., identified as Sternaspis fossor africana Augener, 1918
Neotype RBCM 005- 138-001, verbatimGeounit Straits of Georgia, ..., identified as Sternaspis affinis Stimpson, 1864
Syntype SMNH 5135, verbatimGeounit (SMNH 5135), Berufjo..., identified as Sternaspis islandica Malmgren, 1867
Neotype UNAM 7882, verbatimGeounit Isla Altamura, Sinal..., identified as Sternaspis maior Chamberlin, 1919
Neotype USNM 15543, geounit Nova Scotia, identified as Sternaspis fossor Stimpson, 1853
Holotype ZMA 1500, verbatimGeounit West of Wokam Island..., identified as Sternaspis rietschi Caullery, 1944
Holotype ZMUC 2221, verbatimGeounit Offshore near Jask, ..., identified as Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013
Neotype ZMC ZMUC POL-2159, geounit Tyrrhenian Sea, identified as Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1820
English gooseberry worm for Sternaspidae Carus, 1863
English mud-owl for Sternaspidae Carus, 1863
 Classification
 for Sternaspidae Carus, 1863

[From Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013:18)] "An analysis of morphology and six genes (Zrzavý et al. 2009) did not ... [details]
 Diagnosis
 for Caulleryaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

"Sternaspids with introvert hooks tapered. Pre-shield region with 7 segments. Ventro-caudal shield flexible with ... [details]
 Diagnosis
 for Petersenaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Sternaspids with introvert hooks subdistally expanded. Pre-shield region with 8 segments. Ventro-caudal shield ... [details]
 Diagnosis
 for Petersenaspis capillata (Nonato, 1966)

Shield with anterior margin truncate; fan with median notch. [details]
 Distribution
 for Petersenaspis capillata (Nonato, 1966)

Only known from Central and Southern Brazilian localities, in 52–138 m depth. Omena and Amaral (1997) recorded ... [details]
 Distribution
 for Petersenaspis palpallatoci Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Philippine Islands to Malasya, in 5.5–93 m depth [details]
 Distribution
 for Sternaspis andamanensis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Known from two locations: Thailand in the Andaman Sea and Malaysia in the South China Sea, 5–45 m depth. [details]
 Distribution
 for Sternaspis costata Marenzeller, 1879

"Southern Sakhalin Island (Russia), Japan, and the Philippines, 20–70 m depth. The record for estuarine ... [details]
 Distribution
 for Sternaspis islandica Malmgren, 1867

"Apparently restricted to the Norwegian Sea and Northeast Atlantic Ocean around Iceland and the Faroe Islands, ... [details]
 Distribution
 for Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817)

Neotype locality off coast of Turkey (see Thalassema scutatus for details). Reported global distributions are ... [details]
 Distribution
 for Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Arabian Sea, in muddy bottoms in shallow water (3–110 m). Probably reaching as far as the Andaman Sea. [details]
 Etymology
 for Caulleryaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Honors Dr Maurice Caullery, in recognition of his studies on polychaete reproductive biology and taxonomy, and ... [details]
 Etymology
 for Caulleryaspis gudmundssoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

after Dr. Gudmundur Gudmundsson, from the Iceland Natural History Museum. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case, [details]
 Etymology
 for Petersenaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

genus name is to honor Dr Mary E. Petersen, in recognition of her many studies of polychaetes, including a valuable ... [details]
 Etymology
 for Petersenaspis palpallatoci Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Named for Virgilio S. Palpal-latoc, researcher of the National Museum, Manila. Epithet a noun in genitive case. [details]
 Etymology
 for Sternaspis andamanensis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Named for the Andaman Sea, Thailand [details]
 Etymology
 for Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Named for the collector, Gunnar Thorson. [details]
 Morphology
 for Sternaspis spinosa Sluiter, 1882

"Sternaspis spinosa Sluiter, 1882 has been in doubt ever since the original description because it was described ... [details]
 Neotype
 for Sternaspis fossor africana Augener, 1918

Original type series of S. fossor var. africana Augener, 1918 came from widespread West African localities, but it ... [details]
 Neotype
 for Sternaspis spinosa Sluiter, 1882

There is no original type material available (Petersen 2000:321), but Sluiter identified some other specimens from ... [details]
 Spelling
 for Proclea graffi [auctt.]

The original spelling in Langerhans was as 'graffii', genitive based on a personal name (Ludwig von Graff), and ... [details]
 Taxonomy
 for Sternaspis assimilis Malmgren, 1867

Stated that "S. assimilis shield is more similar to the one of S. thalassemoides [than S. scutata] because their ... [details]
 Taxonomy
 for Sternaspis fossor africana Augener, 1918

Status change to species level by Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013) [details]
 Taxonomy
 for Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1820

Reinstated as valid by Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013). There are no prior modern records, and "Sternaspis ... [details]
 Type locality
 for Caulleryaspis gudmundssoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Off southeast of Vestmannaey jar, Iceland, 1072 m. [details]
 Type locality
 for Petersenaspis palpallatoci Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

E off Kalibo, Philippines, 11.71, 122.525, 93 m. [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis affinis Stimpson, 1864

designated by neotype locality, 49.1797222, -123.3005556, is Straits of Georgia, Canada. The original type locality ... [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis andamanensis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Andaman Sea, Thailand, 7 N, 99.25 E, 45 m. Geolocation is erroneously given as 7 degrees South, but this clearly ... [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis fossor Stimpson, 1853

Designated by neotype as 88 km E Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, 153 m, no geolocation data given. Original holotype type ... [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis maior Chamberlin, 1919

Designated by neotype locality from off Isla Altamura, Sinaloa, Gulf of California, 830 m, 24.8666667, ... [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis princeps Selenka, 1885

Offshore from East Cape, North Island, New Zealand, 1274 m, -37.5666667, 179.3666667 [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis rietschi Caullery, 1944

West of Wokam Island, Indonesia, 5°46'S,134°00'E (-5.7666, 134), 1788 m. [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1820

Tyrrhenian Sea, Bay of Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No point geolocation available. [details]
 Type locality
 for Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013

Offshore near Jask, Iran, 25.75, 57.2, 110 m [details]
 Type locality
 for Thalassema scutatus Ranzani, 1817

re-designated by neotype as Izmar Bay, Turkey. Original type locality "ad litora maris Adriatici" (Shores of the ... [details]
 Type material
 for Sternaspis affinis Stimpson, 1864

"The original material was deposited in the Smithsonian and later transferred to Chicago when William Stimpson was ... [details]
 Type specimen
 for Sternaspis costata Marenzeller, 1879

Holotype believed lost. [details]
 Type specimen
 for Sternaspis rietschi Caullery, 1944

"The holotype is in poor condition with most of the cuticle missing, exposing the musculature below. It is a large ... [details]

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