WoRMS source details
Dittmann, I. L.; Cuadrado, D.; Aguado, M. T.; Noreña, C.; Egger, B. (2019). Polyclad phylogeny persists to be problematic. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 19(4): 585-608.
402728
10.1007/s13127-019-00415-1 [view]
Dittmann, I. L.; Cuadrado, D.; Aguado, M. T.; Noreña, C.; Egger, B.
2019
Polyclad phylogeny persists to be problematic
Organisms Diversity & Evolution
19(4): 585-608
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Two conflicting morphological approaches to polyclad systematics highlight the relevance of molecular data for resolving the interrelationships of Polycladida. In the present study, phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on a short alignment of the 28S rDNA marker gene with 118 polyclad terminals (24 new) including 100 different polyclad species from 44 genera and 22 families, as well as on a combined dataset using 18S and 28S rDNA genes with 27 polyclad terminals (19 new) covering 26 different polyclad species. In both approaches, Theamatidae and Cestoplanidae were included, two families that have previously been shown to switch from Acotylea to Cotylea. Three different alignment methods were used, both with and without alignment curation by Gblocks, and all alignments were subjected to Bayesian inference and maximumlikelihood tree calculations. Over all trees of the combined dataset, an extended majority-rule consensus tree had weak support for Theamatidae and Cestoplanidae as acotyleans, and also the cotylean genera Boninia, Chromyella and Pericelis appeared as acotyleans.With the most inclusive short 28S dataset, on the other hand, there is good support for the aforementioned taxa as cotyleans. Especially with the short 28S matrix, taxon sampling, outgroup selection, alignment method and curation, as well as model choice were all decisive for tree topology. Well-supported parts of the phylogeny over all trees include Pseudocerotoidea, Prosthiostomoidea, Stylochoidea, Leptoplanoidea and Cryptoceloidea, the latter three with new definitions. Unstable positions in the tree were found not only for Theamatidae, Cestoplanidae, Boninia, Chromyella and Pericelis, but also for Anonymus, Chromoplana and Cycloporus.
Molecular systematics, Molecular biology
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Amyellidae Faubel, 1984 (status source)
Anonymidae Lang, 1884 (status source)
Anonymoidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Boniniidae Bock, 1923 (status source)
Boninioidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Cestoplanoidea Poche, 1925 (status source)
Chromoplanidae Bock, 1922 (status source)
Chromyella Correa, 1958 (status source)
Cryptocelidae Laidlaw, 1903 (status source)
Cryptoceloidea Bahia, Padula & Schrödl, 2017 accepted as Discoceloidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (source of synonymy)
Cycloporus Lang, 1884 (status source)
Discocelidae Laidlaw, 1903 (status source)
Discoceloidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Euryleptodes Heath & McGregor, 1912 (status source)
Hoploplana Laidlaw, 1902 (status source)
Hoploplanidae Stummer-Traunfels, 1933 (status source)
Idioplana Woodworth, 1898 (basis of record)
Idioplanidae Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Ilyplanidae Faubel, 1983 (status source)
Imogine Marcus & Marcus, 1968 accepted as Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (status source)
Imogine fafai Marquina, Fernández-Álvarez & Noreña, 2015 accepted as Stylochus fafai (Marquina, Fernández-Álvarez & Noreña, 2015) (source of synonymy)
Imogine kimae Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus kimae (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine lateotentare Lee, Beal & Johnston, 2005 accepted as Stylochus lateotentare (Lee, Beal & Johnston, 2005) (source of synonymy)
Imogine lesteri Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus lesteri (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine mcgrathi Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus mcgrathi (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine meganae Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus meganae (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine necopinata Sluys, Faubel, Rajagopal & van der Velde, 2005 accepted as Stylochus necopinata (Sluys, Faubel, Rajagopal & van der Velde, 2005) (source of synonymy)
Imogine oculifera Girard, 1853 accepted as Stylochus oculifera (Girard, 1853) (source of synonymy)
Imogine pardalotus Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus pardalotus (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine qeshmensis Maghsoudlou & Momtazi, 2014 accepted as Stylochus qeshmensis (Maghsoudlou & Momtazi, 2014) (source of synonymy)
Imogine stellae Marquina, Osca, Rodriguez, Fernandez-Despiau & Norena, 2014 accepted as Stylochus stellae (Marquina, Osca, Rodriguez, Fernandez-Despiau, Norena, 2014) (source of synonymy)
Leptoplanoidea Faubel, 1984 (status source)
Pericelidae Laidlaw, 1902 (status source)
Pericelis Laidlaw, 1902 (status source)
Periceloidea Bahia, Padula & Schrödl, 2017 (status source)
Polycladida (additional source)
Polycladida (status source)
Pseudostylochidae Faubel, 1983 (status source)
Stylochoidea Poche, 1926 (status source)
Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) Marcus & Marcus, 1968 accepted as Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) aomori Kato, 1937 accepted as Stylochus aomori (Kato, 1937) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) arenosus Willey, 1897 accepted as Stylochus arenosus (Willey, 1897) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) catus Marcus EDB-R, 1958 accepted as Stylochus catus (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) ceylanicus Laidlaw, 1904 accepted as Stylochus ceylanicus (Laidlaw, 1904) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) exiguus Hyman, 1953 accepted as Stylochus exiguus Hyman, 1953 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) hamanensis Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus hamanensis Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) hyalinus Bock, 1913 accepted as Stylochus hyalinus Bock, 1913 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) ijimai Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 accepted as Stylochus ijimai Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) izuensis Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus izuensis Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) marmoreus Bock, 1925 accepted as Stylochus marmoreus Bock, 1925 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) mediterraneus Galleni, 1976 accepted as Stylochus mediterraneus Galleni, 1976 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) megalops (Schmarda, 1859) accepted as Stylochus megalops (Schmarda, 1859) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) meridianus Prudhoe, 1989 accepted as Stylochus meridianus Prudhoe, 1989 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) minimus Palombi, 1940 accepted as Stylochus minimus Palombi, 1940 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) miyadii Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus miyadii Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) nebulosus (Girard, 1853) accepted as Stylochus nebulosus (Girard, 1853) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) oculiferus Girard, 1853 accepted as Stylochus oculiferus (Girard, 1853) accepted as Imogine oculifera Girard, 1853 accepted as Stylochus oculifera (Girard, 1853) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) orientalis Bock, 1913 accepted as Stylochus orientalis Bock, 1913 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) pulcher Hyman, 1940 accepted as Stylochus pulcher Hyman, 1939 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) refertus Marcus EDB-R, 1965 accepted as Stylochus refertus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1965 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) rutilis Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 accepted as Stylochus rutilis Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) sixteni Marcus, 1947 accepted as Stylochus sixteni (Marcus, 1947) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) speciosus Kato, 1937 accepted as Stylochus speciosus (Kato, 1937) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) ticus Marcus, 1952 accepted as Stylochus ticus Marcus, 1952 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) tripartitus Hyman, 1953 accepted as Stylochus tripartitus Hyman, 1953 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) uniporus Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus uniporus Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) zebra (Verrill, 1882) accepted as Stylochus zebra (Verrill, 1882) (status source)
Stylochus (Stylochus) Marcus & Marcus, 1968 accepted as Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (source of synonymy)
Stylostomidae Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Stylostomum Lang, 1884 (status source)
Theamatidae Marcus, 1949 (status source)
Anonymidae Lang, 1884 (status source)
Anonymoidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Boniniidae Bock, 1923 (status source)
Boninioidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Cestoplanoidea Poche, 1925 (status source)
Chromoplanidae Bock, 1922 (status source)
Chromyella Correa, 1958 (status source)
Cryptocelidae Laidlaw, 1903 (status source)
Cryptoceloidea Bahia, Padula & Schrödl, 2017 accepted as Discoceloidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (source of synonymy)
Cycloporus Lang, 1884 (status source)
Discocelidae Laidlaw, 1903 (status source)
Discoceloidea Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Euryleptodes Heath & McGregor, 1912 (status source)
Hoploplana Laidlaw, 1902 (status source)
Hoploplanidae Stummer-Traunfels, 1933 (status source)
Idioplana Woodworth, 1898 (basis of record)
Idioplanidae Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Ilyplanidae Faubel, 1983 (status source)
Imogine Marcus & Marcus, 1968 accepted as Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (status source)
Imogine fafai Marquina, Fernández-Álvarez & Noreña, 2015 accepted as Stylochus fafai (Marquina, Fernández-Álvarez & Noreña, 2015) (source of synonymy)
Imogine kimae Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus kimae (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine lateotentare Lee, Beal & Johnston, 2005 accepted as Stylochus lateotentare (Lee, Beal & Johnston, 2005) (source of synonymy)
Imogine lesteri Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus lesteri (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine mcgrathi Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus mcgrathi (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine meganae Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus meganae (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine necopinata Sluys, Faubel, Rajagopal & van der Velde, 2005 accepted as Stylochus necopinata (Sluys, Faubel, Rajagopal & van der Velde, 2005) (source of synonymy)
Imogine oculifera Girard, 1853 accepted as Stylochus oculifera (Girard, 1853) (source of synonymy)
Imogine pardalotus Jennings & Newman, 1996 accepted as Stylochus pardalotus (Jennings & Newman, 1996) (source of synonymy)
Imogine qeshmensis Maghsoudlou & Momtazi, 2014 accepted as Stylochus qeshmensis (Maghsoudlou & Momtazi, 2014) (source of synonymy)
Imogine stellae Marquina, Osca, Rodriguez, Fernandez-Despiau & Norena, 2014 accepted as Stylochus stellae (Marquina, Osca, Rodriguez, Fernandez-Despiau, Norena, 2014) (source of synonymy)
Leptoplanoidea Faubel, 1984 (status source)
Pericelidae Laidlaw, 1902 (status source)
Pericelis Laidlaw, 1902 (status source)
Periceloidea Bahia, Padula & Schrödl, 2017 (status source)
Polycladida (additional source)
Polycladida (status source)
Pseudostylochidae Faubel, 1983 (status source)
Stylochoidea Poche, 1926 (status source)
Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) Marcus & Marcus, 1968 accepted as Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) aomori Kato, 1937 accepted as Stylochus aomori (Kato, 1937) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) arenosus Willey, 1897 accepted as Stylochus arenosus (Willey, 1897) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) catus Marcus EDB-R, 1958 accepted as Stylochus catus (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) ceylanicus Laidlaw, 1904 accepted as Stylochus ceylanicus (Laidlaw, 1904) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) exiguus Hyman, 1953 accepted as Stylochus exiguus Hyman, 1953 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) hamanensis Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus hamanensis Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) hyalinus Bock, 1913 accepted as Stylochus hyalinus Bock, 1913 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) ijimai Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 accepted as Stylochus ijimai Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) izuensis Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus izuensis Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) marmoreus Bock, 1925 accepted as Stylochus marmoreus Bock, 1925 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) mediterraneus Galleni, 1976 accepted as Stylochus mediterraneus Galleni, 1976 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) megalops (Schmarda, 1859) accepted as Stylochus megalops (Schmarda, 1859) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) meridianus Prudhoe, 1989 accepted as Stylochus meridianus Prudhoe, 1989 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) minimus Palombi, 1940 accepted as Stylochus minimus Palombi, 1940 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) miyadii Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus miyadii Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) nebulosus (Girard, 1853) accepted as Stylochus nebulosus (Girard, 1853) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) oculiferus Girard, 1853 accepted as Stylochus oculiferus (Girard, 1853) accepted as Imogine oculifera Girard, 1853 accepted as Stylochus oculifera (Girard, 1853) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) orientalis Bock, 1913 accepted as Stylochus orientalis Bock, 1913 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) pulcher Hyman, 1940 accepted as Stylochus pulcher Hyman, 1939 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) refertus Marcus EDB-R, 1965 accepted as Stylochus refertus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1965 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) rutilis Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 accepted as Stylochus rutilis Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) sixteni Marcus, 1947 accepted as Stylochus sixteni (Marcus, 1947) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) speciosus Kato, 1937 accepted as Stylochus speciosus (Kato, 1937) (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) ticus Marcus, 1952 accepted as Stylochus ticus Marcus, 1952 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) tripartitus Hyman, 1953 accepted as Stylochus tripartitus Hyman, 1953 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) uniporus Kato, 1944 accepted as Stylochus uniporus Kato, 1944 (status source)
Stylochus (Imogine) zebra (Verrill, 1882) accepted as Stylochus zebra (Verrill, 1882) (status source)
Stylochus (Stylochus) Marcus & Marcus, 1968 accepted as Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831 (source of synonymy)
Stylostomidae Dittmann, Cuadrado, Aguado, Noreña & Egger, 2019 (original description)
Stylostomum Lang, 1884 (status source)
Theamatidae Marcus, 1949 (status source)
Western India for Bulaceros newcannorum Dixit, 2021
