WoRMS source details
Hooper, J.N.A. (2002). Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. (eds.) Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Volume 1 (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow).
9013
Hooper, J.N.A.
2002
Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431. <i>In</i>: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. (eds.) Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Volume 1 (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow).
Publication
Please note that the pdf supplied here is NOT the definitive printed text of the chapter in the published volume of the Systema Porifera.
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Acarnidae Dendy (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Microcionina) contains 37 nominal genera of which 13 are considered here to be valid, and probably several hundreds of species. Acarnids are distributed worldwide, although several genera are predominant in colder temperate waters, and several have very restricted (apparently endemic) geographic ranges. Major morphological characters diagnostic for the family include massive, burrowing, excavating or encrusting growth forms with fistules, as well as non-fistulose genera with digitate, flabellate, massive or encrusting growth forms; ectosomal skeleton with tangentially arranged tylotes with spined bases; choanosomal skeleton reticulate (in massive) or plumose (in encrusting growth forms), with or without echinating spicules; megascleres include styles; and microscleres are palmate isochelae and toxas, sometimes lost or sometimes with other microscleres such as bipocillae, modified anisochelae, microrhabds and raphides.
Systematics, Taxonomy
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Acanthacarnus Lévi, 1952 accepted as Acarnus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Acanthorhabdus Burton, 1929 (basis of record)
Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Acarnus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Acarnus carteri Ridley, 1884 accepted as Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Acarnus guentheri (Dendy, 1896) (basis of record)
Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Acheliderma Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Alebion Gray, 1867 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Anisotylacanthea Vacelet, 1969 accepted as Damiria Keller, 1891 (basis of record)
Astylinifer Topsent, 1927 accepted as Acheliderma Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Burtonella de Laubenfels, 1928 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Coelosphaerella de Laubenfels, 1934 accepted as Cornulum Carter, 1876 (basis of record)
Coelosphaerella johnsoni de Laubenfels, 1934 accepted as Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934) (basis of record)
Cornulacantha Lévi & Lévi, 1983 (additional source)
Cornulella Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Cornulella lundbecki Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Cornulidae Lévi & Lévi, 1983 accepted as Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Cornulotrocha Topsent, 1927 accepted as Clathria (Cornulotrocha) Topsent, 1927 (source of synonymy)
Cornulum Carter, 1876 (basis of record)
Cornulum cheliradians (Topsent, 1927) accepted as Clathria (Cornulotrocha) cheliradians (Topsent, 1927) (source of synonymy)
Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934) (basis of record)
Damiria Keller, 1891 (basis of record)
Damiria fistulata (Carter, 1880) (basis of record)
Damirina Burton, 1959 accepted as Zyzzya Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Dolichacantha Hentschel, 1914 (basis of record)
Fonteia Gray, 1867 accepted as Acarnus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Fonteia anomala Gray, 1867 accepted as Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Fusifer Dendy, 1896 accepted as Acheliderma Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Halichondria hyndmani Bowerbank, 1858 represented as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Halichondria ingalli Bowerbank, 1866 represented as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Halichondria nigricans Bowerbank, 1866 represented as Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (additional source)
Halichondria pattersoni Bowerbank, 1866 represented as Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (additional source)
Heterocornulum Lévi & Lévi, 1983 accepted as Cornulum Carter, 1876 (basis of record)
Histodermopsis Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Zyzzya Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Hymedesanisochela Bakus, 1966 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Hymedesanisochela rayae Bakus, 1966 accepted as Iophon rayae (Bakus, 1966) (basis of record)
Ingallia Gray, 1867 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophon implicita (Bowerbank, 1882) accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophon ingalli (Bowerbank, 1866) accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophoneae Burton, 1929 accepted as Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Iophonidae Burton, 1929 accepted as Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Iophonopsis Dendy, 1924 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Iophonopsis nigricans (Bowerbank, 1866) accepted as Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophonota Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Isodictya implicita Bowerbank, 1882 accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Megaciella Hallmann, 1920 (basis of record)
Megaciella tawiensis (Wilson, 1925) (basis of record)
Melonchela Koltun, 1955 accepted as Cornulum Carter, 1876 (additional source)
Menyllus Gray, 1867 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Menyllus ingalli (Bowerbank, 1866) accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Microtylotella Dendy, 1896 accepted as Acarnus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Microtylotella guentheri Dendy, 1896 accepted as Acarnus guentheri (Dendy, 1896) (basis of record)
Myxichela Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Megaciella Hallmann, 1920 (basis of record)
Paracornulum Hallmann, 1920 (basis of record)
Pocillon Topsent, 1891 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Suberites fuliginosus Carter, 1879 accepted as Zyzzya fuliginosa (Carter, 1879) (additional source)
Tedaniphorbas Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Tedaniphorbas ceratosus (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (basis of record)
Trefortia Deszö, 1880 accepted as Acarnus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Wigginsia de Laubenfels, 1953 (basis of record)
Wigginsia wigginsi de Laubenfels, 1953 (basis of record)
Xytopsene Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Damiria Keller, 1891 (basis of record)
Zyzzya Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Zyzzya fuliginosa (Carter, 1879) (additional source)
Acanthorhabdus Burton, 1929 (basis of record)
Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Acarnus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Acarnus carteri Ridley, 1884 accepted as Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Acarnus guentheri (Dendy, 1896) (basis of record)
Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Acheliderma Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Alebion Gray, 1867 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Anisotylacanthea Vacelet, 1969 accepted as Damiria Keller, 1891 (basis of record)
Astylinifer Topsent, 1927 accepted as Acheliderma Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Burtonella de Laubenfels, 1928 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Coelosphaerella de Laubenfels, 1934 accepted as Cornulum Carter, 1876 (basis of record)
Coelosphaerella johnsoni de Laubenfels, 1934 accepted as Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934) (basis of record)
Cornulacantha Lévi & Lévi, 1983 (additional source)
Cornulella Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Cornulella lundbecki Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Cornulidae Lévi & Lévi, 1983 accepted as Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Cornulotrocha Topsent, 1927 accepted as Clathria (Cornulotrocha) Topsent, 1927 (source of synonymy)
Cornulum Carter, 1876 (basis of record)
Cornulum cheliradians (Topsent, 1927) accepted as Clathria (Cornulotrocha) cheliradians (Topsent, 1927) (source of synonymy)
Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934) (basis of record)
Damiria Keller, 1891 (basis of record)
Damiria fistulata (Carter, 1880) (basis of record)
Damirina Burton, 1959 accepted as Zyzzya Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Dolichacantha Hentschel, 1914 (basis of record)
Fonteia Gray, 1867 accepted as Acarnus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Fonteia anomala Gray, 1867 accepted as Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Fusifer Dendy, 1896 accepted as Acheliderma Topsent, 1892 (basis of record)
Halichondria hyndmani Bowerbank, 1858 represented as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Halichondria ingalli Bowerbank, 1866 represented as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Halichondria nigricans Bowerbank, 1866 represented as Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (additional source)
Halichondria pattersoni Bowerbank, 1866 represented as Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (additional source)
Heterocornulum Lévi & Lévi, 1983 accepted as Cornulum Carter, 1876 (basis of record)
Histodermopsis Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Zyzzya Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Hymedesanisochela Bakus, 1966 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Hymedesanisochela rayae Bakus, 1966 accepted as Iophon rayae (Bakus, 1966) (basis of record)
Ingallia Gray, 1867 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophon implicita (Bowerbank, 1882) accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophon ingalli (Bowerbank, 1866) accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophoneae Burton, 1929 accepted as Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Iophonidae Burton, 1929 accepted as Acarnidae Dendy, 1922 (basis of record)
Iophonopsis Dendy, 1924 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Iophonopsis nigricans (Bowerbank, 1866) accepted as Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Iophonota Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Isodictya implicita Bowerbank, 1882 accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Megaciella Hallmann, 1920 (basis of record)
Megaciella tawiensis (Wilson, 1925) (basis of record)
Melonchela Koltun, 1955 accepted as Cornulum Carter, 1876 (additional source)
Menyllus Gray, 1867 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Menyllus ingalli (Bowerbank, 1866) accepted as Iophon hyndmani (Bowerbank, 1858) (basis of record)
Microtylotella Dendy, 1896 accepted as Acarnus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Microtylotella guentheri Dendy, 1896 accepted as Acarnus guentheri (Dendy, 1896) (basis of record)
Myxichela Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Megaciella Hallmann, 1920 (basis of record)
Paracornulum Hallmann, 1920 (basis of record)
Pocillon Topsent, 1891 accepted as Iophon Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Suberites fuliginosus Carter, 1879 accepted as Zyzzya fuliginosa (Carter, 1879) (additional source)
Tedaniphorbas Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Tedaniphorbas ceratosus (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (basis of record)
Trefortia Deszö, 1880 accepted as Acarnus Gray, 1867 (basis of record)
Wigginsia de Laubenfels, 1953 (basis of record)
Wigginsia wigginsi de Laubenfels, 1953 (basis of record)
Xytopsene Laubenfels, 1936 accepted as Damiria Keller, 1891 (basis of record)
Zyzzya Laubenfels, 1936 (basis of record)
Zyzzya fuliginosa (Carter, 1879) (additional source)
Bassian for Acarnus guentheri (Dendy, 1896)
Nomenclature
Lévi & Lévi (1983b) mentioned this genus name as a probable junior synonym of Paracornulum. However, no previous ... [details]
