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Effect of brood size and hatching sequence on prefledging mortality of Sandwich terns: why lay two eggs?
Stienen, E.W.M.; Brenninkmeijer, A. (2006). Effect of brood size and hatching sequence on prefledging mortality of Sandwich terns: why lay two eggs? J. Ornithol. 147(4): 520-530. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-006-0075-3
In: Journal of Ornithology. Springer: Berlin. ISSN 2193-7192; e-ISSN 1439-0361
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
Keywords
    Hatching
    Production > Agricultural production > Animal production > Progeny production > Animal production > Chick production
    Reproduction > Sexual reproduction > Hatching > Hatching factors
    Social indicators > Living conditions > Living standards > Basic needs > Survival rations
    Stocks > Brood stocks
    Survival
    Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787 [WoRMS]
    ANE, Kattegat [Marine Regions]; ANE, Netherlands [Marine Regions]; ANE, Wadden Sea [Marine Regions]
    Marine/Coastal
Author keywords
    Sterna sandvicensis; chick survival; hatching asynchrony; broodreduction
Authors  Top 
  • Stienen, E.W.M., more
  • Brenninkmeijer, A.
Abstract
    The mortality of Sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis chicks held in enclosures was studied in colonies on Griend, in the Dutch Wadden Sea, from 1992 to 1999, and on Hirsholm, in the Danish Kattegat, in 1997. Survival of chicks until fledging was 73% for chicks hatching from first-laid eggs or single-egg clutches and 59–64% for partially hatched two-egg clutches, whereas 6% of second hatchlings survived until fledging. Less than 2% of all two-chick broods actually fledged two chicks. Because 18% of the two-egg clutches only hatched one egg, 7% of fledglings of two-egg clutches originated from a second-laid egg. In nests where both eggs hatched, the number of chicks was usually reduced soon after hatching. Within five days of hatching more than 50% of the second hatchlings died of starvation or were preyed upon. It seems that overproduction commonly occurs in Sandwich terns and that investment in a surplus egg mainly serves as an insurance mechanism. On Griend and Hirsholm, chick productivity of two-egg clutches was somewhat higher than for one-egg clutches. Undernourishment was an important cause of death, either directly by starvation or by selective predation of chicks in poor condition. This, in combination with earlier, studies suggests that Sandwich tern parents on Griend are exposed to severe food stress.
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