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A review of protocols for fiducial reference measurements of water-leaving radiance for validation of satellite remote-sensing data over water
Ruddick, K.G.; Voss, K.; Boss, E.; Castagna, A.; Frouin, R.; Gilerson, A.; Hieronymi, M.; Johnson, B.C.; Kuusk, J.; Lee, Z.; Ondrusek, M.; Vabson, V.; Vendt, R. (2019). A review of protocols for fiducial reference measurements of water-leaving radiance for validation of satellite remote-sensing data over water. Remote Sens. 11(19): 2198. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192198
In: Remote Sensing. MDPI: Basel. ISSN 2072-4292; e-ISSN 2072-4292
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
Author keywords
    water reflectance; satellite validation; Fiducial ReferenceMeasurements; water-leaving radiance
Authors  Top 
  • Ruddick, K.G.
  • Voss, K.
  • Boss, E.
  • Castagna, A.
  • Frouin, R.
  • Gilerson, A.
  • Hieronymi, M.
  • Johnson, B.C.
  • Kuusk, J.
  • Lee, Z.
  • Ondrusek, M.
  • Vabson, V.
  • Vendt, R.
Abstract
    This paper reviews the state of the art of protocols for measurement of water-leaving radiance in the context of fiducial reference measurements (FRM) of water reflectance for satellite validation. Measurement of water reflectance requires the measurement of water-leaving radiance and downwelling irradiance just above water. For the former there are four generic families of method, based on: (1) underwater radiometry at fixed depths; or (2) underwater radiometry with vertical profiling; or (3) above-water radiometry with skyglint correction; or (4) on-water radiometry with skylight blocked. Each method is described generically in the FRM context with reference to the measurement equation, documented implementations and the intra-method diversity of deployment platform and practice. Ideal measurement conditions are stated, practical recommendations are provided on best practice and guidelines for estimating the measurement uncertainty are provided for each protocol-related component of the measurement uncertainty budget. The state of the art for measurement of water-leaving radiance is summarized, future perspectives are outlined, and the question of which method is best adapted to various circumstances (water type, wavelength) is discussed. This review is based on practice and papers of the aquatic optics community for the validation of water reflectance estimated from satellite data but can be relevant also for other applications such as the development or validation of algorithms for remote-sensing estimation of water constituents including chlorophyll a concentration, inherent optical properties and related products.
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